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ROGRESSI 
HEEPRAISI 


PROGRESSIVE 
SHEEP  RAISING 


By  R.J.H.DE  LOACH 

DIRECTOR 

ARMOUR'S  BUREAU  OF  AGRICULTURAL  RESEARCH 
AND  ECONOMICS 

Assisted  by  H.  A.  PHILLIPS 

MANAGER  ARMOUR'S  SHEEP  DEPARTMENT 


ARMOUR'S  BUREAU  OF 
AGRICULTURAL  RESEARCH  AND  ECONOMICS 


REQ.  NO.   399962 


V  3  7  to 


Copyright  igi8.  Armour  and  Compam 


Introduction 

By  F.  EDSON  WHITE 
Vice  President  of  Armour  and  Company 

THE  sheep,  as  a  domesticated  animal,  is  closely  bound  with  the 
great  movements  of  world  commerce  during  the  past  hundred 
years.     The  history  of  sheep  raising  reflects  the  remarkably 
rapid  development  of  commerce  and  industry  during  the  nineteenth 
century,  in  which  the  founders  of  the  packing  industry  took  part. 


TA        I//  T/17      /  ^ess  *han  a  century  ago  mutton  was  little 

1  ne  Ola  WOOl        usecj  outside  the  densely  populated  districts 

Type  Of  Sheep      of  the  Old  World.     In  the  Americas,  Africa, 

Australia  and  Central  Asia  —  remote  regions 

where  transportation  was  poor  and  land  was  cheap  and  sparsely 
populated  —  there  was  no  market  for  mutton  and  sheep  were  raised 
for  skins  and  fleeces  only.  For  the  production  of  these,  the  Merino 
was  the  ideal  type,  and  it  had  the  field  all  to  itself. 

Up  to  as  late  as  1  870  four-fifths  of  all  the  sheep  in  America  were 
either  pure-bred  or  grade  Merinos.  During  the  following  twenty 
years,  however,  several  developments  of  world-wide  significance 
took  place  which  changed  the  aspect  of  the  world's  sheep-raising 
industry. 

fJ/LsM*  7l/f,  4+™  Railroad  building  and  steamboat  opera- 

Wtien  MUttOn  tion>  aiong  with  the  practical  application  of 
Superseded  large-scale  refrigeration  and  the  refrigerator 

H/OO/  car,  annihilated  time  and  distance  between 

the  sheep  ranges  and  the  centers  of  world 

meat  consumption  so  that  the  sheep  grower  for  the  first  time  found 
himself  face  to  face  with  the  strong  and  steady  pull  of  a  world  de- 
mand for  mutton  as  well  as  wool  and  skins. 

Sheep  growers  began  crossing  their  wool-growing  type  of  sheep 
with  the  various  mutton  types  of  Europe. 

If        Z>A7*     n  Not  until  1  86q  was  the  first  through-line 

nOW  rnlllp  U.         railroad  opened   up   between   Chicago  and 
Armour  Broad-     New  York,  so  that  cars  of  western  meats  or 
ened  the  Market   other  goods  could  be  shipped  through  to 
eastern  markets  without  reloading. 

380878 


In  1875  Philip  D.  Armour  erected  in  Chicago  the  first  really 
large-scale  chill  room  in  the  world,  although  small  ice  boxes,  and 
even  a  crude  type  of  refrigerator  cars,  had  previously  been  used  by 
others. 

Previous  to  1880  Mr.  Armour,  who  was  also  responsible  for  the 
actual  building  and  operation  of  the  first  whole  line  of  refrigerator 
cars,  killed  no  sheep  in  his  several  packing  plants.  Pork  was  the 
ideal  packing  meat,  as  it  still  is;  and  fresh  meats  had  not  yet  become 
a  commodity  on  the  market.  In  fact,  packing  houses  were  operated 
only  during  the  winter  months,  and  no  meats  at  all  were  packed  in 
summer  until  after  large-scale  refrigerative  control  had  been  estab- 
lished. 

Thn  MiiU™  Beef — pickled,  smoked  and  dried — followed 

i?    i    *  rT       »          P°rk  ?s  a  commodity  on  the  market.     The 
Market  Devel-         world's  appetite  for  fresh  meats  was  satisfied 
Oped  Last        -         only  insofar  as  home  slaughter  and  the  local 
butcher  could  satisfy  it.     But  mutton,  being 

strictly  a  fresh  meat  product,  and  not  lending  itself  to  pickling, 
smoking  and  drying,  became  a  world  commodity  only  after  the 
development  of  refrigerated  transportation. 

In  1880  Mr.  Armour  began  killing  a  few  sheep  in  Chicago  to 
supply  the  local  market.  The  large-scale  slaughter  and  distribution 
of  sheep  in  the  new  world  had  to  await  not  only  the  development  of 
a  great  line  of  refrigerator  cars  and  scores  of  branch  houses,  but  the 
development  of  the  public  taste  for  mutton  and  a  mutton  type  of 
sheep  to  satisfy  that  growing  taste. 

_t  The    first    Armour    branch    house    was 

1  he  Present  erected  i n  New  York  City  in  1 884.     This  was 

Armour  Market     immediately  followed  by  one  in  Albany.     By 
1 8qo  there  were  forty  branches,  and  this  num- 
ber had  doubled  before  1 894. 

Today  the  market  through  which  Armour  disposes  of  the 
vast  number  of  high-grade  lambs  and  sheep  purchased  annually 
for  cash  from  the  American  farmer  consists  of  more  than  four  hun- 
dred branch  houses  in  this  country  alone.  Several  thousand 
refrigerator  cars  are  constantly  in  operation  between  the  twenty 
Armour  packing  plants  and  these  hundreds  of  branch  houses. 

A  great  system  of  side  industries  has  been  developed  to  utilize 
all  of  the  by-products,  in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  such  articles 
as  glue,  glycerine,  violin  strings,  pepsin  and  fertilizer,  which  enables 
us  to  pay  the  sheep  raiser  a  maximum  price  for  his  live  animals. 


Arrnntirfe  This  book  has  been  prepared  under  the 

s±rmuur  s    ^  auspices  of  Armour's  Farm  Service  Bureau, 

farm  Service          which  has  been  organized  to  study  the  whole 
Bureau  Armour  system  of  industries  in  their  relation 

to  farm  production,  to  serve  as  a  middle- 
ground  of  information  and  co-operation  between  the  several  Armour 
industries  and  the  farmer  and  to  make  researches  into  problems  of 
farm  production. 

It  is  our  hope  that  this  bureau  will  fulfill  a  useful  mission  in 
establishing  a  closer  understanding  and  co-operation  between  the 
producer  and  the  packer  in  particular;  but  also,  in  a  broader  sense, 
between  the  farmer  and  the  business  man,  and  between  business 
and  our  educational  institutions. 


Table  of  Contents 

PAGE 

INTRODUCTION,  by  F.  Edson  White 3 

THE  SHEEP  SITUATION  TODAY q 

Why  Sheep  Went  West q 

The  Present  Eastward  Trend 10 

Increased  Importance  of  Sheep • 1 1 

The  Opportunity 1 1 

The  Breeder  Safe 12 

Relation  of  Breeder  and  Feeder 12 

The  Sheep  Market 12 

Prospects  for  Prices 13 

THE  SHEEP  IN  FARM  ECONOMY 14 

The  Ranch  Vanishing 14 

The  Farm  the  Place  for  Sheep 14 

Relation  to  Weeds  and  Waste 14 

Value  of  Sheep  Manure 15 

RAISE  SHEEP  FOR  MEAT 17 

Wool  Supply  Follows  Mutton 17 

Should  We  Sell  Lambs 17 

A  Lamb  Market  Necessary 1 8 

Should  Encourage  Lamb  Consumption 18 

BREEDS  AND  BREEDING 20 

Secure  Breeding  Stock 20 

Breeding  Ewes 20 

Renew  Stock  with  Pure  Bred  Ram 21 

General  Classification  of  Breeds 21 

Types  of  the  Different  Breeds 22 

Fine  Wool  vs.  Mutton  Breeds 23 


PAGE 

Cross  Breeding 23 

In  the  Mating  Season 24 

During  Pregnancy 24 

Suggestions  for  Lambing  Time 24 

A  First  Aid  Outfit 25 

Caring  for  the  Ewe 25 

Caring  for  the  Lamb 25 

MARKETING  MUTTON  AND  LAMB 26 

What  Are  the  Market  Demands 26 

Early  Spring  or  Hot-House  Lambs 26 

Spring  Lambs 26 

Fed  Lambs 2.7 

Imported  Sheep  and  Lambs 28 

THE  FEEDING  OF  SHEEP 29 

Feeding  Ewes 29 

At  Lambing  Time 29 

Begin  Feeding  at  Ten  Days 30 

Healthy  Lambs  Economize  Feeds 30 

Feeding  for  Breeders  or  for  Market 31 

Gains  From  Different  Grains 31 

Rations  Worked  Out  by  Experiment  Stations 31 

Rations  for  Fattening  Lambs 32 

Calculating  Feeding  Costs 33 

How  to  Fatten  Sheep 34 

Substitute  Barley  for  Wheat 35 

The  Wool  Pays  the  Feed  Bill 36 

Self  Feeders  Should  Not  be  Used 36 

GOOD  PASTURES  A  BASIC  CROP 37 

Good  Pastures  Important 38 

Value  of  Native  Grass 38 


PAGE 

Rye,  Good  and  Easy  to  Grow 38 

Vetch  and  Rye 38 

Alfalfa  and  Oats 39 

The  Clovers 39 

Do  Not  Graze  Clover  too  Young 39 

Rape  and  Cabbage  as  Feeds 40 

Trees  in  Pasture 40 

GENERAL  CARE  AND  MANAGEMENT 41 

Care  of  Sheep 41 

Culling  the  Flock 41 

Shearing 42 

Docking  of  Lambs 42 

Castration  of  Lambs 43 

Dogs  a  Great  Hindrance 43 

Why  Not  Have  Dog  Laws 44 

A  Uniform  Dog  Law 44 

Sheep  Husbandry 45 

DISEASES  OF  SHEEP 46 

Sheep  Diseases  Classified 46 

External  Diseases 46 

Stomach  Worms 47 

Nodular  Disease 47 

Treating  Internal  Diseases 47 

Dipping 48 

Avoid  Bloating 48 

BY-PRODUCTS  OF  THE  SHEEP 49 

TABLE  OF  RECEIPTS  AT  SEVEN  MARKETS 51 

TABLE  SHOWING  RANGE  OF  LAMB  PRICES 51 

LIST  OF  OFFICERS  OF  THE  VARIOUS 

SHEEP  BREEDERS'  ASSOCIATIONS.. 52 

REFERENCES 54 


PROGRESSIVE  -S  H  £  E:P;'<R:A-  i  S/I  N  G 


Progressive  Sheep  Raising 

By  R.  J.  H.  De  Loach,  Director 

Armour's  Bureau  of  Agricultural  Research 

and  Economics 

The  Sheep  Situation  Today 

THE  year  1915  marked  a  new  era  in  the  American 
Sheep  industry.      It  was  then  that  the  national 
movement  was  started  for  putting  sheep  back  on 
our  American  farms. 

For  many  years  prior  to  that  time 
Why  Sheep  the  drift  of  the  sheep  raising  industry 

Went  West  in  this  country  had  been  toward  the 

great  free  ranges  of  the  far  west. 
Grazing  lands  with  an  abundance  of  wild  grasses  were 
plentiful  and  the  cost  of  raising  sheep  under  such  condi- 
tions was  abnormally  low,  from  the  viewpoint  of  a  trained 
economist  who  insists  upon  assigning  to  everything — 
even  wild  pasture  land — its  true  economic  value,  and  the 
grasses  gleaned  from  them  were  not  represented  in  the 
prices  of  the  sheep  which  came  from  them  to  the  mid- 
west and  eastern  markets. 

Meanwhile  the  improved  and  cultivated  lands  of  the 
eastern  states  were  rapidly  increasing  in  value.  The 
owners  specialized  more  and  more  upon  the  crops  which 
yielded  the  best  returns  and  against  which  there  was  no 
abnormal  competition  from  the  west.  Consequently, 
grain,  vegetables,  hogs  and  dairying  became  more  prev- 
alent and  the  sheep  population  dwindled  in  proportion. 

Page  Nine 


P  R  Q  G  R  E  S_S  IV  E      SHEEP      RAISING 

p          .  There  are  still  great  areas  of  these 

Present  free  ranges>    it  is  economy  and  in  the 

Eastward  public   interest  that  they  should  be 

Trend  fully  utilized.    In  fact,  more  attention 

should  be  given  to  this  than  ever 
before.  In  iqi6  our  public  lands  suitable  for  grazing 
amounted  to  about  750,000,000  acres  and  supported 
1,750,000  cattle  and  7,850,000  sheep. 

However,  that  condition  is  passing  and  will  soon  go 
the  way  of  the  Buffalo  and  the  Longhorn  Steer.  The 
increasing  population  of  the  country  and  the  decreasing 
acreage,  of  these  ranges,  due  to  settlement,  have  com- 
bined in  recent  years  to  take  up  som ;  of  the  slack  and 
force  a  closer  grazing,  which  makes  it  necessary  to  use 
more  and  more  concentrates  to  finish  range  sheep  for 
market.  These  conditions  are  gradually  bringing  up 
the  cost  of  range  sheep  until  now,  under  favorable  con- 
ditions, sheep  can  be  raised  and  finished  for  market  on 
the  farm  almost  as  cheaply  as  on  the  ranges. 

The  farmers  who  settle  this  land  will,  of  course,  continue 
to  raise  sheep  on  it,  but  it  will  be  on  a  basis  similar  to 
that  of  the  small  farmer  in  the  East.  The  cost  of  raising 
these  sheep  will  never  again  be  so  low  as  it  was  on  the  free 
range. 

The  high  prices  of  mutton  and  wool,  suddenly  sharpened 
by  the  world  war,  were  no  doubt  responsible  for  the 
awakening  of  the  farmers  to  this  change  in  the  economic 
situation  with  regard  to  sheep  raising  and  the  resulting 
nation-wide  movement  to  get  our  farm  lands  re-stocked 
with  sheep. 

We  are  now  beginning  to  learn  for  the  first  time  what 
the  sheep  really  stands  for.  We  are  beginning  to  appre- 
ciate it  as  a  national  asset.  Of  all  meat  animals  it  may  be 
that  the  sheep  will  eventually  prove  the  most  indispensa- 
ble. Lamb  meat  already  stands  at  the  top — and  wool  has 

Page  Ten 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

no  equal  as  a  fiber  for  the  manufacture  of  clothing.  Ade- 
quate substitutes  may  yet  be  found  for  leather  and  other 
by-products  of  meat  animals,  but  there  is  little  likelihood 
of  our  ever  finding  a  suitable  substitute  for  wool. 

,  The  Army  had  to  be  clothed  as  well 

Increased  as  fed     Wool  was  the  best  if  not  the 

Importance  only  material  out  of  which  suitable 

of  Sheep  clothing  could  be  made,  and  it  required 

the  wool  of  twenty  sheep  to  outfit 
each  soldier.  This  combination  of  circumstances  has 
created  a  world-wide  interest  in  the  sheep  industry, 
marking,  as  we  say  above,  a  new  era  in  the  American 
industry  and  giving  impetus  to  the  backward  swing  of  the 
sheep  population  from  the  free  ranges  of  our  far  west  to 
the  thousands  of  mid-west  and  eastern  farms  from  which 
they  had  formerly  disappeared. 

Those  who  think  of  entering  the 
The  Oppor-  business  of  sheep  breeding  naturally 

tunity  ask  themselves,  what  are  the  chances 

for  a  permanent  sheep  and  wool 
market?  Such  a  question  is  fully  justified.  The  following 
news  item  is  quoted  from  the  United  States  Food  Admin- 
istration in  February,  1918: 

"It  is  probable  that  Europe  for  many  years  after  the  war 
will  look  to  a  great  extent  to  America  for  its  meat  supply. 

"Europe's  herds  are  dwindling  under  war's  demands 
faster  than  they  can  be  replenished. 

"When  the  German  armies  retired  from  occupied  por- 
tions of  France  and  Belgium  approximately  1,800,000 
head  of  cattle  were  appropriated.  This  addition  virtually 
safeguarded  Germany  from  the  cattle  shortage  other 
nations  now  suffer." 

While  sheep  are  not  specifically  mentioned  in  this 
report,  yet  the  decline  in  all  kinds  of  livestock  has  a 
direct  bearing  on  any  branch  of  the  industry.  Besides 
there  is  a  world  shortage  of  sheep  amounting  to  many 
million  head. 

Page  Eleven 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

In  these  days  of  high  priced  wool 
The  Breeder  and  mutton,  sheep  breeders  have 
Safe  reaped  large  be'nefits.  They  have 

had  good  pastures  and  the  natural 
wastes  of  the  farms  or  the  ranches,  and  have  made  money 
almost  without  exception.  This  is  borne  out  by  personal 
interviews  with  many  of  the  best  breeders  in  the  country. 

Each  year  hundreds  of  breeders 
The  Relation  find  themselves  with  more  sheep  than 
of  Breeder  they  have  provided  feeds  for,  and  find 

and  Feeder  ^  expedient  to  send  a  part  of  the  flock 

to  market  before  it  is  finished.  At 
the  same  time  hundreds  of  feeders  with  a  surplus  of 
feeds  have  found  it  both  convenient  and  profitable  to 
buy  up  these  flocks  and  finish  them  for  a  later  market. 
This  is  a  safe  and  legitimate  operation  if  conducted  with 
calm  judgment. 

Within  the  past  few  months  (written  March,  1918)  a 
number  of  farmers  have  bought  good  light  lambs  at  high 
prices,  finished  them  on  costly  feeds  and  put  them  on  the 
market,  making  fair  money  in  most  cases,  breaking  about 
even  in  some,  and  actually  losing  money  in  a  few. 
This  has  caused  some  confusion  and  misunderstanding, 
but  it  has  been  due  to  an  unfortunate  combination  of 
circumstances,  which  will  sometimes  happen  in  any 
business. 

We  have  every  reason  to  believe 
The  Sheep  that  there  is  a  world  shortage  of  sheep, 

Market  in  which  event  the  market  is  safe  for 

several  years  to  come.  Whatever 
conditions  may  be  brought  about  by  the  present  war,  we 
can  feel  assured  that  the  law  of  supply  and  demand  will 
always  regulate  prices,  which  in  turn  regulates  the  planting 
of  crops  and  the  breeding  of  meat  animals.  This  world 
shortage  of  sheep  has  helped  to  stimulate  the  industry,  and 
popularize  the  raising  of  mutton  and  lamb  and,  we  feel 

Page  Twelve 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

justified  in  saying,  has  provided  a  broad  and  firm  founda^ 
tion  for  the  industry  as  a  business  venture. 

We  feel  safe  in  saying  that  the  prices 
Prospects  of  mutton  and  wool  will  remain  high 

for  Prices  for  several  years  after  the  war  closes. 

Since  the  war  began  our  standards  of 
living  have  continued  to  go  steadily  higher,  and  the 
scale  of  values  all  along  the  line  has  advanced.  We 
anticipate  a  greater  demand  for  meat  after  the  war  than 
ever  before,  due  to  the  fact  that  thousands  of  young 
men  who  have  not  been  accustomed  to  a  regular  meat 
diet  are  being  educated  to  expect  it  while  in  the  army, 
and  will  not  be  inclined  to  do  without  it  when  they 
return  to  their  respective  homes. 


P*Ct  Thirteen 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

The  Sheep  In  Farm  Economy 

Much  of  the  public  land  in  the  west 

The  Ranch  is  being  opened  up  for  settlement  from 

Vanishing  year  to  year,  and  the  area  for  grazing 

large   flocks  of  low  priced  sheep   is 

gradually  diminishing  in  this  way. 

America's  great  opportunity  is   in 
The  Farm  the       placing  sheep  back  on   farm   lands. 
P//7/V*  //>*•  <?&/?/?n    This  insures  a  public  interest  in  the 
eep    industry  and  a  permanent  supply  of 
sheep  and  wool.     Sheep  respond  read- 
ily to  man's  care  and  keeping  and  are  economical  on  the 
small  farm.    They  pay  a  good  dividend  on  the  investment, 
and  will  be  a  comfort  to  every  farmer  who  takes  the  time 
to  succeed  with  them. 

We  are  convinced  that  every  American  farm  should  have 
a  flock  of  sheep  on  it,  the  number  in  the  flock  to  be  de- 
termined by  the  size  and  nature  of  the  farm. 

From  the  standpoint  of  national  economy  the  sheep 
should  be  regarded  as  a  farm  necessity  the  same  as  poultry 
and  hogs.  It  is  only  then  that  we  shall  develop  a  whole- 
some sheep  industry  on  our  farm  lands. 

P  It   has   been   learned   by  carefully 

Kelation  planned  experiments  that  sheep  will 

to  Weeds  eat  and  thrive  on  about  ninety  per- 

and  Waste  cent  of  all  the  species  of  weeds  and 

grasses  growing  on  the  average  farm. 
They  clean  out  the  weeds  by  keeping  them  cut  down  to 
the  ground.  They  also  help  to  eliminate  waste  by  con- 
suming the  surplus  of  forage  of  all  kinds,  and  make  a  good 
medium  through  which  the  surplus  grain  and  other  con- 
centrates can  be  marketed  with  profit.  There  is  a  greater 
profit  feeding  these  to  sheep  than  there  is  in  selling  them. 

Page  Fourteen 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

In  the  first  place,  the  sheep  will  make  good  use  of  the 
feeds  and  help  to  make  quick  returns.  In  the  second 
place,  the  small  farmer  is  obliged  to  market  such  feeds 
generally  in  small  quantities.  They  are  not  standard- 
ized, and  under  such  conditions  only  about  seventy-five 
percent  of  their  value  is  realized. 

We  very  seldom  put  the  proper 
Value  of  Sheep  valuation  on  sheep  in  their  relation 
Manure  to  fertility.  Each  sheep  will  void 

about  four  to  five  pounds  of  manure 
daily — making  more  than  two  tons  daily  from  a  flock  of 
a  thousand. 

Sheep  manure  stands  high  when  compared  with  that  of 
the  horse  or  cow.  It  contains  far  more  plant  food.  Voor- 
hees  says  in  his  book  on  fertilizers,  that  "sheep  manure 
contains  less  water,  and  is  richer  in  the  fertilizing  con- 
stituents than  either  horse  or  cow  manure."  The  follow- 
ing table  shows  the  relative  value  by  giving  the  number  of 
pounds  of  plant  food  in  a  ton  of  each : 

Cow  Horse  Sheep 

Nitrogens 7.6  10.6  16.6 

Potash 3-2  5-6  13-4 

Phosphoric  Acid 7  •  *  10.6  4-6 

Juice 6.2  4.2  6.6 

Total 24.2  31.0  41.2 

From  this  table  it  will  be  seen  that  a  ton  of  sheep 
manure  has  a  total  of  seventeen  pounds  of  plant  food  more 
than  a  ton  of  that  of  the  cow,  and  10.2  pounds  more  than 
a  ton  of  that  of  the  horse. 

Every  farmer  knows  how  valuable  animal  manures  are 
in  the  production  of  large  crops.  The  actual  plant  food 
contained  in  them  constitutes  the  measure  of  their  value. 
And  on  this  basis  sheep  manure  is  the  richest  of  all. 

Page  Fifteen 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

In  Europe  sheep  are  considered  a  matter  of  so  much 
importance  in  the  maintenance  of  soil  fertility,  that  the 
flock  is  hurdled  in  movable  pens  several  nights  on  plowed 
ground  prior  to  the  time  of  planting,  and  the  shepherd  is 
up  through  the  night  disturbing  the  flock  from  time  to 
time  in  order  to  secure  the  greatest  possible  amount  of 
manure. 


Page  Sixteen 


A  load  of  Western  Range  Lambs  in  Union  Stock  Yards,  Chicago. 


'Choice"  "Good"  "Medium"  "Common* 

LAMBS   AS  THE   BUTCHER   SEES   THEM. 

Reprinted  from   "Market  Classes   and   Grades  of   Meat," 

Illinois  Bulletin  No.    147. 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

Raise  Sheep  for  Meat 

THE  raising  of  sheep  for  wool  alone  is  a  thing  of  the 
past  in  this  country  and  in  most  other  countries 
of  the  world.     It  certainly  is  uneconomical  on  the 
valuable  farm  lands  of  agricultural  districts,  where  the 
sheep-raising  industry  of  the  future  must  justify  itself. 
England  faced  this  problem  from  the  first  and  all  English 
sheep  are  raised  for  both  mutton  and  wool. 

A  sheep  raising  industry  for  wool  alone 
Wool  Supply  could  hardly  exist  under  modern  condi- 
Follows  Mutton  tions  in  the  United  States.  Experience 
has  shown  that  where  we  raise  sheep  for 
wool  alone  we  will  not  long  have  either  meat  or  wool,  for 
the  industry  will  dwindle  or  die  out;  whereas  if  we  raise 
them  for  the  meat  primarily  we  find  them  to  be  a  cheap 
source  of  meat,  and  the  industry  becomes  profitable  and 
self-perpetuating  and  we  have  an  abundance  of  both  meat 
and  wool. 

It  is  estimated  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  that  the 
number  of  sheep  in  this  country  could  be  increased  one 
hundred  and  fifty  percent  without  displacing  other  live- 
stock, and  this  could  be  done  largely  on  farm  lands. 

We  import  an  average  of  three  hundred  million  pounds 
of  wool  annually  into  the  United  States,  or  about  half  of 
our  total  normal  consumption.  It  seems  that  we  should 
be  growing  most  of  that  here  on  our  American  farms. 

The  impression  seems  to  prevail  in 
Should  We  this  country  that  in  Great  Britain  the 

Sell  Lambs  custom  is  to  eat  mutton  and  save  the 

lambs,  while  in  the  United  States  the 
tendency  has  been  to  kill  off  lambs  which  might  better 
have  been  kept  to  produce  more  wool  and  a  heavier  yield 
of  meat  at  maturity. 

Page  Seventeen 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

This  impression,  however,  is  a  mistaken  one.  The 
English  eat  more  lamb  and  less  mutton  than  is  generally 
supposed,  most  of  their  lamb  being  imported  from  Aus- 
tralia, New  Zealand  and  Argentina. 

Great  Britain  still  consumes  a  smaller  proportion  of 
lamb  than  the  United  States,  but  the  proportion  of 
lambs  to  aged  stock  was  steadily  growing  up  to  the  time 
of  the  war. 

Statistics  show  that  both  Australia  and  New  Zealand, 
up  to  August,  IQ  14,  were  greatly  increasing  their  lamb  ship- 
ments to  Great  Britain  at  the  expense  of  "aged"  mutton, 
and  it  is  our  belief  that  in  the  future,  lamb  shipments  will 
develop  a  still  greater  predominance. 

Furthermore,  there  are  economic  considerations  which 
justify  the  farmer  or  rancher  in  sending  lambs  to  market, 
rather  than  endeavoring  to  save  all  of  them  for  mature 
weight  and  one  or  more  shearings  of  wool  before  killing. 

.  ,       ,  The  average  sheep  raiser  must  find 

A  Lamo  a  market  for  \^  iambs,  keeping  back 

Market  only  enough  ewe  lambs  to  replenish 

Necessary  his  breeding  flock.    This  is  on  account 

of  the  cost  of  feeding  them  through 
the  winter.  He  would,  of  course,  get  a  shearing  of  wool 
off  lambs  carried  over,  which  would  fully  compensate 
him  for  the  cost  of  the  feed.  And  there  would  be  a  gain 
in  the  weight  of  each  animal  so  held.  But  when  he  took 
them  to  market  he  would  have  "aged  sheep"  and  not 
"lambs"  and  the  falling  off  in  price  per  pound  would 
more  than  offset  the  gain  in  number  of  pounds. 

0,      . ,  ~,  This  has  all   been  figured  out  by 

Should  Encour-    breeders  again  and  again,  and  they  find 
age  Lamb  it  more  profitable  and  therefore  best  for 

Consumption        the  perpetuity  of  the  sheep  raising  in- 
dustry, that  surplus  lambs  be  sent  to 
market  and  that  the  public  taste  for  lamb  be  catered  to 
rather  than  discouraged  as  being  unpatriotic  and  wasteful. 

Page  Eighteen 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

Well  bred  lambs  mature  quickly  if  properly  cared  for, 
and  command  a  higher  price  in  this  country  per  hundred- 
weight than  mutton.  We  feel  that  it  is  safer  to  have  a 
lamb-and-mutton  market  than  to  have  only  a  mutton 
market. 


Page  Nineteen 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

Breeds  and  Breeding 

MANY  farmers  wish  to  go  into  the  sheep  industry  to 
a  limited  extent,  but  do  not  know  where  to  secure 
breeding  stock.    We  would  suggest  that  a  flock  of 
twenty-five  to  fifty  ewes  be  purchased  from  any  good  reliable 
breeder  or  from  the  market  places,  and  a  registered  ram 
be  put  with  them.    Lambs  should  not  be  bred  under  an 
age  of  about  eighteen  months.    Only  the  best  flocks  should 
be  patronized  in  securing  these  rams,  and 
Secure  Breed-      the  advice  of  experts  should  be  sought. 
ing  Stock  Usually  the  best  breeders  advertise  in 

The  American  Sheep  Breeder,  The 
National  Wool  Grower  and  other  good  livestock  journals 
and  reference  can  be  had  here  for  breeders.  The  sheep 
breeder  will  do  well  to  subscribe  for  one  or  more  good  live- 
stock journals.  It  would  be  well  to  write  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  national  association  of  the  breed  you  wish,  who  will 
always  gladly  give  information.  A  list  of  such  secretaries 
is  given  at  the  end  of  this  booklet. 

Many  times  it  will  be  found  econom- 
B reeding  ical  and  profitable  to  buy  these  ewe 

Ewes  lambs  in  the  open  market.  This  is 

frequently  done  and  with  success. 

It  does  not  pay,  however,  except  when  they  are  bought 
in  car  lots  (about  125  animals  to  make  a  single-deck  car), 
and  shipped  out  of  the  Yards  immediately.  Several  farm- 
ers can  jointly  take  a  car  and  have  them  properly  selected 
by  commission  men  who  will,  for  a  small  commission,  see 
that  they  are  forwarded  as  soon  as  the  order  can  be  filled. 

In  some  cases  a  number  of  farmers  have  sent  a  repre- 
sentative to  the  Stock  Yards  to  select  sheep.  When  this  is 
done,  the  services  and  suggestions  of  the  commission  men 
can  be  secured  just  the  same. 

It  will  be  found  that  everybody  around  the  Stock  Yards 
is  interested  and  ready  to  co-operate  in  placing  suitable 

Page  Twenty 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

young  lambs  on  farms.  They  feel  that  the  success  of  the 
industry  depends  on  this,  and  are  glad  to  see  an  effort 
made  to  grow  more  sheep. 

Where  it  is  practical,  it  pays  for  the  farmer  to  buy  breed- 
ing stock  from  his  neighbor,  in  order  to  save  freight  and  to 
avoid  accidents  and  loss.  This  is  done  to  a  considerable 
extent  where  farmers  have  neighbors  who  wish  to  sell  small 
numbers  of  sheep,  but  even  in  such  cases  it  must  be  kept 
in  mind  that  the  range  sheep  are  usually  healthier  than 
natives  and  besides,  native  ewes  are  apt  to  be  infested  with 
internal  parasites.  From  whatever  source  the  breeding 
ewes  come,  it  is  better  to  get  a  registered  ram  of  superior 
breeding  from  some  breeder  of  blooded  stock. 

It  is  necessary  to  buy  a  good  ram 
Renew  Stock  every  second  or  third  year  for  every 
with  Pure  forty  ewes  in  the  flock.  New  blood 

Bred  Ram  ""* tne  flock  will  insure  a  larger  percent 

of  healthy  lambs,  and  will  also  help 
in  improving  the  flock.  Select  a  good  ram  of  the  type 
or  breed  you  are  keeping.  Do  not  permit  breeders  to 
put  culls  off  on  you.  Any  keeper  will  soon  learn  what  are 
the  characteristics  of  a  good  ram. 

In  Circular  Number  42,  Louisiana  State  College,  we 
have  a  very  concise  and  at  the  same  time  rather  complete 
statement  regarding  breeds  and  classification  of  sheep. 
It  is  so  complete  that  we  give  it  in  part  below: 

^  i  "With  the  exception  of  the  Merinos, 

General     ^  most>  if  not  all>  of  the  pure-bred  sheep 

Classification  in  this  country  are  representatives  of 
of  Breeds  the  numerous  breeds  of  British  origin. 

The  British  breeds  are  classified  in 
various  ways,  such  as  horned  and  hornless,  dark-faced  and 
white-faced,  mountain  and  lowland,  long-wooled  and 
short- wooled ;  but  according  to  the  best  of  the  British 
authorities,  the  most  usual  plan  is  to  divide  them  into 
mountain  breeds,  long-wooled  breeds,  and  down  breeds. 

Page  Twenty-One 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

As  in  most  classifications,  however,  it  is  difficult  to 
draw  sharp  lines,  although  the  three  classes  just  men- 
tioned are  fairly  distinct.  There  is  much  variation  in 
the  sheep  of  Great  Britain,  but  in  all  of  them,  over  there, 
the  carcass  is  the  chief  consideration. 

"If  we  include  the  Merino,  another 
Types  of  classification  divides  sheep  into  three 

fA/i  n;/&>*v>»?/  main  classes,  from  the  standpoint  of 
me  different  thdr  ^^  yiz  .  long_wools>  repre_ 

Breeds  sented    by    the    Lincoln,    Cotswold, 

Leicester,  etc.;  middle  or  medium- 
wools,  represented  by  the  Shropshire,  Southdown, 
Hampshire,  etc.,  known  as  down  breeds;  and  fine-wools, 
to  which  the  different  varieties  of  the  Merino  belong,  such 
as  the  Rambouillet,  Delaine  and  American.  However, 
although  fairly  good  mutton  may  be  had  from  any  of  the 
breeds  of  sheep,  the  middle  wool  class  is  that  from  which 
the  choicest  quality  is  obtained  and,  therefore,  is  known 
as  the  mutton  type.  It  includes  the  various  down  sheep 
just  mentioned,  and  the  Horned  Dorset,  Cheviot,  etc. 

"The  long- wool  breeds  are  also  used  as  mutton  sheep, 
in  addition  to  their  wool-production,  but  their  flesh  is  not 
considered  of  such  fine  quality  as  an  edible  product. 

"The  fine- wools,  such  as  the  Merinos,  are  not  usually 
looked  upon  as  mutton  sheep,  although  crossing  with 
middle-wool  blood  produces  a  better  mutton  animal  than 
the  pure  Merino. 

"The  down-sheep,  proper,  are  hornless,  dark-faced  and 
dark-legged;  and  the  majority  have  close  fine  wool,  com- 
paratively short  in  length,  and  with  fleeces  of  medium 
weight.  The  most  important  economic  feature  is  the 
quality  of  the  carcass  and  the  mutton.  They  do  not 
readily  become  too  fat,  even  when  fed  to  great  weights, 
and  the  mutton  is  of  superior  quality,  being  firm,  fine  in 
the  grain,  and  rich  in  color. 

Page  Twenty-Two 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

„.      iA7     t  "Referring    for    a    moment    to    the 

fine  Wool  vs.  fine-wools  or  Merinos,  as  wool-producers 
Mutton  Breeds  they  are  famous.  The  mutton  qualities, 
however,  are  inferior,  the  sheep  being 
muscular  in  type,  carrying  but  little  fat,  and  considered  of 
about  secondary  importance  in  this  respect.  The  cross- 
bred, or  grade  American  Merino,  is  not  improved  for  wool- 
production,  but,  as  already  stated,  when  crossed  with 
middle-wool  blood,  a  better  mutton  sheep  is  produced, 
although  yielding  less  wool. 

"The  mutton  value  of  the  Delaine  Merino  has  been 
emphasized  for  some  time;  but  it  does  not  dress  out  so 
well  as  the  true  mutton  type  of  sheep.  The  cross-bred 
or  grade  Delaine  seems  to  be  valued  on  the  range." 

"The  Rambouillet,  which  is  of  Spanish  origin,  although 
a  native  of  the  northwestern  part  of  France,  is  a  member 
of  the  great  Merino  family.  As  a  mutton  producer,  this 
breed  ranks  well,  but  is  inferior  to  the  regular  mutton 
breeds.  Cross-bred  and  grade  Rambouillets  are  well 
known  on  the  Western  ranges." 

There  is  perhaps  no  universally  best  breed.  Some  breeds 
do  well  in  some  places,  while  others  do  better  in  other 
places.  Some  farmers  have  wonderful  success  with  par- 
ticular breeds,  and  almost  fail  with  others.  The  particular 
breed  that  one  selects  must  be  largely  a  matter  of  individual 
choice. 

Joe  Wing  found  that  when  Merino 
Cross  Breeding  ewes  were  crossed  with  good  Down 
breeds,  the  result  was  good,  but  was 
best  only  when  the  ewe  stock  was  kept  pure  Merino.  In 
cross-breeding  it  is  well  to  remember  that  the  ram  is  just 
half  the  flock — and  by  far  the  easiest  half  to  care  for. 
Oxfords,  Shropshries,  Dorsets,  Southdowns  and  Hamp- 
shires  cross  well  on  the  Western  ewes,  and  make  rapid  grow- 
ing lambs.  The  question  of  cross-breeding  deserves  much 
study,  and  will  be  found  more  successful  on  the  farm  than  on 
the  range  for  the  reason  that  conditions  and  environment 
can  be  more  easily  controlled  on  the  farm. 

Page  Twenty-Three 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

In  the  Mating  The  following  suggestions  are  quoted 

Season  from  Illinois  Extension  Circular  No.  1 7. 

(a)  Have  the  ewes  in  a  gaining  condition. 

(b)  Shear  the  ewes  around  the  rear  parts,  and  see  that 
the  dung  does  not  collect  there. 

(c)  Dip  the  ewes  and  the  ram  if  ticks,  lice,  or  scab  mites 
are  present. 

(d)  Feed  the  ram  a  pound  of  grain  each  day.    Grain 
should  be  fed  to  ram  before  mating  begins. 

(e)  Use  one  ram  to  every  thirty-five  to  fifty  ewes. 

(f)  Keep  a  record  of  the  time  when  the  ram  is  turned  in 
with  the  ewes  and  when  taken  away. 

During  The  period  of  pregnancy  is  146  days  and 

Pregnancy     the  following  will  be  found  a  useful  guide: 

(a)  Have  the  ewes  gain  15  to  25  pounds. 

(b)  Utilize  cheap  roughages. 

(c)  Feed  grain  and  leguminous  hay  during  the  months 
of  pregnancy. 

(d)  Shelter  the  ewes  from  cold  rains  and  storms. 

(e)  It  may  be  advisable  to  divide  the  ewes  into  groups 
relative  to  age,  condition,  or  time  of  lambing. 

Suggestions  Most  of  the  following  suggestions  are 

for  Lambing  taken  from  Extension  Circular,  No. 
Time  18,  University  of  Illinois,  by  Prof.  W. 

C.  Coffey,  which  contains  much  valu- 
able information  on  handling  the  flock  at  lambing  time. 

The  shepherd  should  keep  watch  over  the  flock  at  lamb- 
ing time.  Keep  the  ewes  that  are  about  to  drop  lambs 
separated  from  other  kinds  of  live  stock — and  do  not  forget 
that  hogs  will  eat  young  lambs. 

Provide  warm  quarters  in  cold  weather  and  give  ewes 
plenty  of  room.  Have  a  few  portable  lambing  pens,  about 
four  feet  square. 

Page  Twenty-Four 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

A  First  Aid      It  is  suggested  that  the  following  should  be 
Outfit  kept  on  hand  for  treatment  of  ewes  and  lambs : 

1 .  Liquid  sheep  dip  to  be  used  as  a  disinfectant. 

2.  Epsom  salts,  castor  oil,  and  raw  linseed  oil  to  be 
used  as  physic. 

3.  Tincture  of  iron,  gentian  and  ginger  to  be  used  as 
a  tonic. 

4.  Soap  to  place  in  water  intended  for  injections  to 
relieve  constipation. 

5.  Tincture  of  iodine  to  be  used  on  swollen  udders  and 
on  navel  cords  to  prevent  "navel  ill." 

6.  Swan-bill  nipples  for  feeding  milk  to  young  lambs. 

7.  A  metal  syringe  provided  with  a  large  nozzle  and  also 
a  small  one  suitable  for  giving  injections  to  young  lambs. 

8.  A  glass  graduate  for  measuring  doses  of  medicine. 

Caring  for  As  lambing  time  approaches,  pen  the  ewe 
the  Ewe  at  night  where  she  can  be  watched  till  the 
lamb  is  a  few  days  old. 

It  must  be  kept  in  mind  that  the  ewe  frequently  requires 
help  when  giving  birth  to  lambs.  If  help  is  given,  great 
care  should  be  taken  to  disinfect  the  hand — and  do  not 
tear  the  parts  of  the  ewe. 

If  the  ewe  seems  to  have  no  appetite  six  or  eight  hours 
after  the  lamb  is  born,  raw  linseed  oil  and  epsom  salts 
should  be  given.  Two  ounces  of  oil  and  four  ounces  of 
salts  make  a  good  physic.  A  teaspoonful  of  gentian  in 
half  pint  of  warm  water  three  times  daily  makes  a  good 
tonic. 

Caring  for         See  that  the  lamb  finds  the  teat,  and  if  it 
the  Lamb       is  strong  nothing  more  is  necessary.  A  weak 
lamb  should  be  helped  till  it  is  strong  enough 
to  find  its  food. 

If  the  lamb  is  disowned,  confine  it  and  its  mother  in 
a  close  pen,  and  smear  some  of  the  mother's  milk  on  the 
lamb.  Twins  should  always  be  put  with  the  ewe  both  at 
the  same  time. 

Page  Twenty-Five 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

Marketing  Mutton  and  Lamb 

Wh   .  During  the  past  few  years  there  has 

wnai  are  keen  a  remarkable  change  in  the  sheep 

the  Market  business.  '  'Aged  stock'  '  has  become  very 

Demands  scarce.     Livestock  men  now  market 

practically  all  of  their  stock  as  lambs. 

This  has  resulted  almost  in  the  elimination  of  wether 

sheep  and  yearling  ewes.    Receipts  of  "aged  stock"  are 

now  almost  all  ewes,  and  even  these  at  times  are  very 

scarce. 


*W/,,  ?„*-,'„,  The  trade  calls  for  HSnt'  Plump,  well 

&arly  bprmg  finished  lambs,  weighing  about  70  to 
or  Hothouse  80  pounds  on  the  hoof,  and  mutton 
Lambs  weighing  looto  125  pounds.  The  sale 

of  poorly  finished  carcasses  is  very 
slow  —  but  the  demand  is  always  heavy  for  good  stock. 
In  this  country  few  of  our  wethers  are  above  three  years 
old  when  they  are  taken  to  market.  We  are  a  lamb-eating 
people,  but  will  eat  mutton  when  lambs  are  not  available. 

The  first  run  of  spring  lambs  usually  comes  just  before 
Easter.  These  are  often  termed  "hothouse  lambs"  and 
are  the  output  of  growers  who  specialize  on  early  lambs. 
They  are  generally  dressed  with  the  pelts  on. 

These  are  lambs  that  are  dropped  in  November  or 
December  and  prepared  under  artificial  conditions  for 
market. 

The  idea  in  raising  hot-house  lambs  is  to  bring  them 
on  the  market  in  early  spring  and  get  fancy  prices  for 
them.  For  a  limited  supply  of  these  lambs  there  is  a  good 
demand.  They  average  about  fifty  pounds  on  the  hoof, 
which  is  considered  very  light  as  lambs  go. 

Spring  Lambs          The  first  real  run  of  genuine  spring 
lambs  on  the  western  markets  is  from 
Tennessee.     The  start   in   limited  quantities  about   the 
middle  of  May,  and  come  regularly  after  June  first. 

Page  Twenty-Six 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

They  are  pasture  lambs  and  usually  come  from  the 
South  where  pastures  are  green  very  early  in  spring,  and 
where  lambing  time  is  somewhat  earlier  than  farther 
north.  These  lambs  may  be  fed  grain  with  profit,  even 
though  they  have  plenty  of  rich  pasture.  In  this  way 
they  can  be  quickly  finished  for  market  from  April  fifteenth 
to  June  first  while  prices  are  high.  To  get  the  best 
results  with  them,  the  ewes  may  be  fed  some  grain  but 
should  receive  cotton-seed  meal  and  some  hulls,  and 
with  these  a  light  sprinkling  of  shorts. 

These  Tennessee  lambs  are  followed  by  Kentucky 
Iambs  during  July,  and  the  Central  States  Natives  and 
western  range  lambs  from  July  fifteenth  to  about  Novem- 
ber first. 

These  are  the  grain  fed  spring  lambs 
Fed  Lambs  that  run  from  about  November  first 

to  June  first.  They  are  mostly  range- 
bred  stock  that  has  been  moved  east  during  the  fall  and 
handled  by  feeders. 

The  time  required  to  finish  these  lambs  depends  upon 
the  time  that  they  are  put  on  special  feeds  and  the  nature 
of  the  feeds  used.  Different  feeds  are  used  in  different 
parts  of  the  country.  In  some  sections  like  Colorado 
where  hundreds  of  thousands  are  finished  for  market, 
feeding  is  almost  a  profession.  The  practice  there  hinges 
on  the  rich  alfalfa  crops  and  the  pea  fields  in  the  Arkansas 
Valley,  the  grains  and  other  concentrates  being  shipped 
in.  In  Idaho,  Montana  and  other  western  states,  lambs 
are  frequently  kept  over  and  finished  during  the  fall 
and  winter  months  on  hay.  In  the  middle  west  and 
further  east,  various  kinds  of  feed  combinations  are 
used  as  suggested  in  the  chapter  on  feeding.  Soy-bean 
meal,  shorts,  corn  meal,  and  various  other  concentrates, 
combined  with  some  hay  and  clover  or  alfalfa,  con- 
stitute the  bulk  of  such  feeds.  In  feeding  for  market 
farmers  should  exercise  judgment  for  the  reason  that 
greatest  profits  are  always  made  by  judicious  feeding. 

Page  Twenty-Seven 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

For  several  years  past  frozen  sheep 
Imported  Sheep  and  lambs  have  been  imported  from 
and  Lambs  South  America,  Australia  and  New 

Zealand.  Although  the  American 
trade  is  unused  to  handling  frozen  stock,  these  imported 
sheep  and  lambs  have  met  with  a  ready  sale  and  given 
entire  satisfaction. 


Page  Twenty-Eight 


MERINO 


CORRIEDALE 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

The  Feeding  of  Sheep 

IT  WILL  be  impossible  to  give  a  complete  treatise  on 
feeding  in  this  booklet,  but  we  feel  justified  in  includ- 
ing some  of  the  experiments  and  opinions  of  the  best 
feeders. 

Sheep  respond  readily  to  good  treatment.  They  clean 
up  the  weeds  about  the  farm,  and  graze  pastures  and 
ranches,  closer  than  other  animals.  They  thrive  with  very 
little  attention,  but  pay  handsomely  for  the  best  care. 

Sheep  that  are  raised  on  the  large  western  ranges  are 
usually  fed  lightly  and  only  in  winter  except  when  they  are 
being  finished  for  market;  in  fact,  it  is  not  necessary  to  feed 
them  in  grazing  season  except  to  keep  them  tame  and  under 
control.  They  are  primarily  grazing  animals  and  do 
best  when  they  have  free  range. 

The  ewes  should   be  flushed  just 

Feeding  Ewes       before  breeding  time  in  order  to  secure 

the  best  results.     If  on  the  farm,  they 

can  care  for  twin  lambs,  and  are  more  apt  to  drop  twins 

if  well  fed  prior  to  breeding. 

They  do  not  need  very  high  feeding  during  winter. 
An  abundance  of  forage,  a  half-pound  of  mixed  grain 
feeds,  and  two  or  three  pounds  of  silage  or  root  crops 
daily  per  head  will  be  sufficient. 

The  most  important  part  of  the  flock  of  sheep  is  the 
breeding  ewes,  and  if  we  once  learn  to  care  for  these  we 
have  solved  most  of  the  difficulties  of  the  business.  In 
selecting  feeds  a  formula  should  consist  of  some  alfalfa 
and  other  legume  hay,  such  as  clover,  cow-peas  or  velvet 
beans. 

Do  not  feed  grain  two  or  three  days 
At  Lambing  prior  to,  during  and  immediately  after 
Time  lambing  time.  There  is  danger  of  milk 

fever.  Legume  hay  or  other  dry  rough- 
age and  silage  or  mangels  can  be  fed  with  safety  all  through 

Page  Twenty-Nine 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

the  period  of  gestation  and  these  may  be  supplemented 
with  small  quantities  of  grain  a  few  days  after  lambs  are 
dropped.  Within  a  short  time  a  full  feeding  of  grain  is 
possible  without  injury,  if  the  quantity  is  very  small  at 
first  and  the  increase  gradual. 

The  best  paying  feature  of  the  sheep  industry  is  the  quick 
sale  of  fat  lambs.  Much  study  and  attention  therefore 
should  be  given  to  the  subject  of  feeding  lambs. 

They  very  early  develop  an  appetite 
Begin  Feeding  for  solid  feeds,  and  will  begin  to  nibble 
at  Ten  Days  weeds  and  grass  when  only  a  few  days 
old.  Feeding  may  begin  with  safety 
at  ten  days  of  age,  and  should  be  done  for  the  reason  that 
a  pound  of  flesh  can  be  produced  now  much  cheaper  than 
when  the  lamb  is  older.  Besides,  too  long  delay  will 
make  it  harder  to  put  on  flesh.  In  England,  and  more 
recently  in  this  country,  the  custom  has  been  developed 
of  constructing  creeps  or  small  openings  through  which 
lambs  can  pass,  but  which  keep  back  the  ewes. 

These  permit  lambs  to  go  into  special  inclosures  where 
they  can  have  extra  attention.  They  should  begin  to 
use  grain  as  early  as  they  can  with  a  degree  of  safety, 
which  is  about  two  or  three  weeks  after  birth.  Other 
facts  regarding  the  feeding  of  lambs  are  pretty  well  known, 
or  can  readily  be  learned  from  the  many  excellent  books 
available,  including  state  and  Government  bulletins. 

Healthy  Lambs  Healthy  lambs  make  good  use  of 
Economize  every  ounce  of  feeds  that  go  into  them, 

and  while  they  are  young  is  the  time 
to  plan  and  feed  for  marketing.  Delay 
is  costly.  Every  farmer  knows  that  it  is  good  business  to 
use  feeds  where  they  count  for  most,  and  grown  sheep 
cannot  make  as  good  use  of  feeds  as  lambs. 

Page  Thirty 


PROGRESSIVE       SHEEP      RAISING 

Experiment  has  shown  that  to  produce  a  hundred  pounds 
of  lamb  flesh  it  was  necessary  only  to  add  one  of  the 
following  to  the  milk  and  grass  diet: 

71  pounds  of  wheat  bran 
or  74  pounds  of  corn  meal 
or  78  pounds  of  oats 
or  8  1  pounds  of  crushed  peas. 

Feeding  fof  Unweaned  lambs  that  are  to  go  to  the 

Breeders  or          breeding  flock  at  maturity  should  re- 

/  *•  Mnrleot  Ceive  OatS>    ^ran  an<^   P688'   wni^e  those 

that  are  to  go  to  the  slaughter  pen 
should  receive  corn.  The  corn  produces  a  fat  carcass  and 
one  better  suited  for  market  demands. 


Gains  from  The  rate  °f  S3"1  fr°m  tne  different 

Different  Grains  %*££*»  by  WoU  ta  the  folbwing 

C[UOLdLlOn  . 

"When  alfalfa  is  used  alone  it  requires  no  to  120  days 
to  fit  lambs  for  market  ;  with  light  grain  feeding  (one-fourth 
pound  per  head  per  day)  100  to  no  days;  with  medium 
grain  ration  (one-half  pound),  90  to  100  days;  and  with 
heavy  grain  ration  (one  pound),  70  to  80  days." 

He  states  that  one-fourth  pound  a  day  of  corn  made  as 
much  gain  as  one-half  pound,  but  that  the  gain  was  not  so 
rapid. 

Rations  In  Henry's  Feeds  and  Feeding  (page 

worked  out  by  52^)  are  given  a  number  of  results  from 

j?         v»  .»i*  tne  various  experiment  stations  in  ra- 

t,xperi>  tions  for  fattening  lambs     The  tables 

Stations  show  how  much  rations  should  be  given 

each  day  to-  a  hundred  lambs.  They  also  show  the  weights 
of  the  lambs  that  were  fed  and  the  average  daily  gain 
resulting  from  the  feed  combinations. 

Page  Thirty-One 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 


Rations  for 

Fattening 

Lambs 


At  various  Stations  different  feeding 
stuffs  and  combinations  of  feeds  have 
been  used  for  fattening  purposes.  Ex- 
amples are  here  presented  to  aid  the 
feeder  in  forming  satisfactory  combinations  of  grain 
and  roughage  and  to  guide  in  determining  the  quantities 
required.  In  all  cases  the  rations  are  calculated  for  100 
head.  The  weight  of  the  lambs  is  given  in  each  example : 


Michigan  Experiment  Station. l 
Corn  and  clover  hay.       Lbs. 

Av.  wt.  of  lambs  fed ...  82 

Daily  gain .31 

Shelled  Corn 149 

Clover  Hay 104 

Michigan  Experiment  Station. x 
Corn,  oil  meal  and  clover  hay. 

Av.  wt.  of  lambs  fed ...  83 

Daily  gain .34 

Corn 132 

Oil  Meal 33 

Clover  Hay no 


Wisconsin  Experiment  Station. 2 
Corn  and  Corn  fodder      Lbs. 

Av.  wt.  of  Lambs  fed. . .  76 

Daily  gain .27 

Shelled  corn 154 

Corn  fodder  .  .  .  1 88 


Michigan  Experiment  Station. l 
Corn,    bran   and   clover    hay 

Av.  wt.  of  lambs  fed ...     80 

Daily  gain .25 

Shelled  corn 8 1 

Bran 81 

Clover  hay 107 


Michigan  Experiment  Station. 3 
Corn,  Wheat  and  clover  hay. 

Av.  wt  of  lambs  fed  ...  85 

Daily  gain .25 

Shelled  corn 64 

Wheat 64 

Clover  hay 1 29 


Wisconsin  Experiment  Station. 2 
Corn,  oats  and  hay 

Av.  wt.  of  lambs  fed ...  8g 

Daily  gain .38 

Shelled  corn Q4 

Oats 94 

Hay 95 


Wisconsin  Experiment  Station. 2 
Corn,  peas  and  corn  fodder. 

Av.  wt  of  lambs  fed  ...  76 

Daily  gain .32 

Shelled  corn 87 

Peas 87 

Corn  fodder 183 


Michigan  Experiment  Station. 
Oats,  hay  and  roots 

Av.  wt.  of  lambs  fed ...  83 

Daily  gain .3 

Oats 164 

Clover  hay 140 

Ruta-bagas 100 


u     113. 

Page  Thirty-Two 


2Rept.  i8q6.        3Bul.  128. 


4Bul.  107 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

Minnesota  Experiment  Station. l  Texas  Experiment  Station.  2 

Wheat  screenings  and  timothy  hay  Cotton-seed  meal  and  cotton-seed 

Lbs.  hulls  Lbs. 

Av.  wt.  of  lambs  fed ...     74  Av.  wt.  of  lambs  fed ...     62 

Daily  gain 29  Daiiy  gain 28 

Wheat  screenings 211  Cotton-seed  meal 97 

Timothy  hay ^^  Cotton-seed  hulls 97 

Minnesota  Experiment  Station. l 

Barley,  oil  meal  and  timothy  hay  Colorado  Experiment  Station.  » 

Av.wt.  of  Iambs  fed...     76  Cracked  corn  and  alfalfa  hay 

Daily  gain .33  Av.  wt.  of  lambs  fed ...     89 

Barley 1 70  Daily  gain .  29 

Oil  meal iq  Alfalfa  hay 290 

Timothy  hay 72  Com 67 

Barley,  oats  and  corn  were  the  cheapest  concentrates  in 
the  growth  of  market  lambs.  Barley  is  easy  to  grow  and 
sufficient  attention  has  not  yet  been  given  to  it  in  this 
country  as  a  food  for  sheep.  It  is  especially  good  in 
climates  where  winter  wheat  is  likely  to  be  winter  killed. 

In  order  to  calculate  the  exact  cost 
Calculating  of  producing  a  hundred  pounds  of  live 

Feeding  Costs  weight,  one  has  only  to  refer  to  the 
daily  papers  and  see  the  price  of  the 
materials  he  is  selling,  or  to  be  even  more  practical,  calcu- 
late the  price  of  feeds  by  the  prices  we  are  getting  on  the 
market.  The  legal  weight  of  grains  is  different  in  different 
states,  but  the  following  is  accurate  enough  for  practical 
purposes: 

Corn  in  ear 70  Ibs.  per  bushel 

Corn  shelled 56  Ibs.  per  bushel 

Corn  meal 48  Ibs.  per  bushel 

Wheat 60  Ibs.  per  bushel 

Barley 48  Ibs.  per  bushel 

Rye 56  Ibs.  per  bushel 

Oats 32  Ibs.  per  bushel 

'Bui.  113  2Rept.  1896  ^  'Bui.  128 

Page  Thirty-Thref 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 


Woll,  in  Productive  Feeding  of  Farm 
How  to  Animals  (Lippincott),  gives  a  series  of 

Fatten  Sheep  formulas  to  be  used  in  combination  for 
finishing  sheep  for  market,  and  they  are 
so  good  and  so  representative  that  we  reprint  them  here, 
giving  them  in  the  order  in  which  we  find  them.  The 
amounts  are  to  be  given  daily  to  each  animal  weighing 
about  one  hundred  pounds  at  the  beginning  of  the  finishing 
period : 

1.  Two  pounds  clover  hay,  one  pound  wheat  bran, 
one  and  a  half  pounds  corn. 

2.  One  and  a  half  pounds  of  hay,  one  and  a  half  pounds 
roots,  one  and  a  half  pounds  of  oats  and  wheat  bran,  equal 
weights. 

3.  One  and  a  half  pounds  clover  hay,  one  pound  roots, 
one  pound  corn,  one-half  pound  wheat  bran. 

4.  Three  pounds  alfalfa,  two-thirds  pounds  corn. 

5.  One  pound  each  cotton  seed  hulls  and  cotton  seed 
meal. 

6.  One  and  a  half  pounds  clover  hay,  one  pound  corn, 
one-quarter  pound  wheat  bran,  one-half  pound  gluten 
feed. 


Combination  hay  and  grain 
rack  which  may  be  entered  by 
attendant  when  feeding  grain. 
(U.  S.  Farmers*  Bui.  No.  810) 


Page  Thirty-Four 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 


7.  Two  pounds  alfalfa  hay,  two  pounds  ground  corn 
and  oats. 

8.  Two  pounds  clover  hay,  one  and  a  half  pounds  soy 
beans,  one-quarter  pound  wheat  bran. 

Substitute  These  combinations  can  be  mixed  in 

Barleu  for  ^arge  cluantities  f°r  flocks,  and  tnen 

wheat  given  out  by  totals — the  number  of 

pounds  to  each  sheep  multiplied  by  the 
number  of  sheep  to  be  fed. 

Barley  makes  a  good  substitute  for  oats  or  wheat  in 
any  one  of  the  combinations,  and  may  also  be  used  in  the 
place  of  corn. 

Barley  is  easily  grown  in  the  more  northerly  climates 
and  is  sure  to  come  into  more  general  use  as  a  feed.  It 
can  be  planted  in  spring  and  the  crop  is  to  be  counted  on. 

Any  farmer  can  take  these  combinations  and  alter  them 
to  suit  his  own  locality  and  finish  sheep  for  market  with 
no  risk  whatever.  It  is  only  a  matter  of  care  if  the  right 
combination  of  feeds  is  given.  • 


Combination  hay  and  grain 
rack,  with  grain  troughs  so  con- 
structed that  they  may  be  pulled  to 
back  of  rack  and  grain  placed  in 
them  without  entering  the  pen. 
(U.  S.  Farmers'  Bui.  No.  810) 

Page  Thirty-Five 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 


The  owner  of  a  flock  of  sheep  can  do  nothing  more  im- 
portant than  to  make  a  study  of  these  feed  combinations 
and  adjust  them  to  suit  his  own  climate  and  crop  conditions. 
Success  is  sure  to  follow  a  careful  and  accurate  observance 
of  these  results. 

The  Wool  Pays       When  sheep  are  properly  cared  for  it 
Feed  Bill  *s  estimated  by  western  sheep  breeders 

and  feeders  that  the  wool  pays  for  the 
feed  and  the  carcass  is  clear  profit.  This  estimate  is 
based  on  the  assumption  that  the  flock  receives  the  proper 
attention  from  the  dropping  of  the  lambs  to  time  for 
marketing. 

Self  Feeders  Sheep  breeders  often  inquire  about 

Should  not  se^'  feeders  for  sheep.    We  cannot  urge 

ha  TTcoJ  to°  strongly  that  farmers  should  not  use 

self  feeders.  The  death  rate  is  far 
higher  and  the  gains  are  never  as  satisfactory. 


Lamb  creep  with  rollers  for  uprights. 
(U.  S.  Farmers'  Bui.  No.  810) 


Page  Thirty-Six 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

Good  Pastures  a  Basic  Crop 

THE  luxuriance  of  the  pastures  of  a  farm  is  a  measure 
of  its  fertility.  Pastures  are  frequently  neglected  as 
factors  in  agricultural  prosperity.  They  should  be 
regarded  as  a  crop,  the  same  as  wheat  or  corn,  and  made 
to  yield  abundantly. 

"I  cannot  spare  the  space  for  sheep  raising,"  says 
one  farmer.  "I  need  all  my  land  for  money  crops." 

In  the  first  place,  land  devoted  to  pastures,  if  it  is 
made  to  yield  abundantly,  is  not  "spared."  It  con- 
stitutes a  valuable  crop  which  yields  a  profitable  return 
on  the  investment,  and  if  it  is  in  leguminous  forage,  it 
is  contributing,  at  the  same  time,  to  the  necessary  fertility 
for  future  crops.  Furthermore,  the  animals  grazing 
upon  it,  also  contribute  to  the  maintenance  of  soil 
fertility. 

The  reader  will  no  doubt  remember  John  J.  Ingalls 
apostrophe  to  grass,  in  which  he  says: 

"Should  its  harvest  fail  for  a  single  year,  famine 
would  depopulate  the  world." 

The  truth  of  this  statement,  once  impressed  upon  us, 
forces  us  to  respect  the  economic  importance  of  this 
lowly  herb. 

What  Senator  Ingalls  really  meant  was  that  our  live 
stock  could  not  exist  without  grass  and  that  we  could 
not  exist  without  the  livestock. 

Poor  pastures  should  not,  and  need  not  be  tolerated, 
but  this  form  of  inefficiency  is  far  too  common.  Losses 
through  poor  pastures  are  very  apt  to  be  ascribed  to  the 
sheep  or  other  live  stock  which  cannot  thrive  upon  them. 
Unless  sufficient  fertility  is  maintained  in  the  soil  to 
nourish  grasses,  and  the  grasses  actually  raised,  sheep 
cannot  be  expected  to  prosper  any  more  than  any  other 
crop. 

Page  Thirty-Seven 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

^      ,  p  Sheep  are  naturally  grazing  animals, 

Good  Pastures      ancj  unjess  they  have  adequate  pastures 
Important  they  will  not  thrive.     We  have  said 

before  that  they  eat  go  per  cent  of  all 
the  species  of  weeds  commonly  found  on  the  farm. 
Furthermore,  they  will  clean  up  the  hedgerows  and  the 
fence  lines.  But  this  should  not  be  taken  to  imply  that 
they  can  as  well  do  without  better  pastures.  Sheep 
deserve  and  need  the  best  pastures  we  can  make  and 
will  thrive  in  proportion  to  the  quality  of  forage  they 
get  from  the  pasture. 

For  sheep,  grass  should  not  be  per- 
Value  of  mitted  to  grow  too  high,  however. 

Native  Grass         Sheep  need  short  sweet  grasses.   Wing 

says  that  the  wild  pasture  grasses  are 
best,  and  should  be  developed  as  much  as  possible.  He 
also  says  that  there  are  many  kinds  of  pasture  plants  we 
can  use  to  advantage,  some  of  which  are  discussed  in  the 
following  paragraphs. 

Rye  is  a  sweet  succulent  pasture 
Rye  Good  and  and  is  easily  grown.  It  is  not  rich  in 
Easy  to  Grow  food  value  but  is  very  wholesome ; 

and  because  of  the  ease  with  which 
it  can  be  grown,  is  popular  in  all  parts  of  the  country. 
If  the  spring  grain  fields  are  put  into  winter  rye,  this 
will  provide  good  feeding  for  the  flock  until  time  for 
planting  the  spring  grain  crop.  Rye  can  be  planted  in 
any  kind  of  waste  place  with  good  effect  and  will  always 
pay  for  the  trouble  and  cost. 

If  the  land  is  suitable,  hairy  vetch 
Vetch  can  be  sown  with  the  rye  and  the  two 

and  Rye  will  make  a  good  food  combination  in 

spring.  This  will  make  a  longer  season 
for  grazing  and  a  better  food,  but  cannot  be  so  closely 
grazed  in  winter.  A  good  plan  will  be  to  put  part  of 
the  land  into  rye,  and  part  into  vetch  and  rye,  and  have 
a  movable  fence  for  a  partition. 

Page  Thirty-Eight 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

For  late  spring  and  early  summer 
Alfalfa  grazing,   oats  and  alfalfa  are  good. 

and  Oats  Sow  these  crops  on  good  soil   and 

fertilize  well  if  you  would  get  good 
results.  Sow  them  early  and  use  liberal  quantities  of 
seed,  about  two  bushels  of  oats  and  fifteen  to  twenty 
pounds  of  alfalfa  seed  to  the  acre. 

To  graze  these  crops  successfully,  let  the  sheep  run 
on  them  until  eaten  down  close,  then  turn  into  other 
pastures  or  rotate  with  movable  fences  until  a  growth 
of  oats  and  alfalfa  gets  started  again.  This  can  be 
repeated  as  often  as  the  pasture  is  suitable  for  grazing. 


The  clovers  are  among  the  best  pas- 

Clovers  ture  cr°PSj  ^rst  ^>QCaus&  tnev  are  ricri  in 

food  value  for  sheep  and  second,  because 

they  enrich  the  soil  they  grow  on.    Sheep  that  have  these 

for  the  annual  pasture  are  also  less  troubled  with  diseases. 

They  nibble  off  the  upper  leaves,  and  get  cleaner  food. 

These  plants,  however,  are  rich  in  protein  and  would 

be  too  rich  if  grazed  alone.     When  sown  for  pasture, 

orchard  grass  should  be  mixed  with  them.     If  grasses 

are  to  be  had  the  animals  will  not  overeat  the  richer  foods. 

~     .  r     n  Wing  observes   that  pasturing  on 

UoJMotUraze       clover  is  never  acutely  safe,   but 

Clover  Too  the  observance  of  a  few  simple  rules 

Young  will  go  far  to  insure  safety.    Do  not 

graze  young  clover  plants.  Wait  until 
they  are  almost  to  the  blossoming  stage.  Do  not  graze 
hungry  sheep  on  clover.  Allow  them  to  get  almost 
filled  up  on  other  feeds  before  putting  them  into  the 
cloverfield.  Give  them  salt  as  soon  as  they  are  put  upon 
pasture. 


Page  Thirty-Nine 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

D  ,  Rape  belongs  to  the  cabbage  family, 

Rape  and  all  branches  of  which  fit  well  into  the 

Cabbage  diet  of  sheep.     It  yields  well  in  food 

as  Feeds  value  compared  with  other  plants,  but 

must  be  eaten  green.  Rape  is  gen- 
erally better  for  autumn,  and  will  afford  good  pasturage 
after  other  pastures  are  gone.  Sheep  fattened  on  rape 
will  require  some  grain  to  finish  them  solid.  Dwarf  Essex 
is  the  most  popular  variety. 

Cabbage  makes  a  good  feed,  and  where  it  can  be 
grown  successfully  proves  to  be  a  cheap  feed.  Supple- 
mented with  a  small  amount  of  grain  it  will  be  found 
useful  in  getting  breeders  ready  for  market. 

Every    permanent    pasture    should 
Trees  in  have  a  few  good  shade  trees  in  it  for 

Pasture  shelter  from  the  sun  in  hot  weather. 

Few  breeders  realize  how  much  this 
means  to  the  flock.  Plenty  of  cool  clean  water  is  also 
important  in  the  pasture. 


Panel  and  braces  for  making 
a  portable  sheep  fence. 

(U.  S.  Farmers'  Bui.  No.  810) 


Page  Forty 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

General  Care  and  Management 

As  has  been  stated  above,  sheep  are 

Care  of  Sheep       primarily  grazing  animals  and  must 

have  pasture  if  they  are  expected  to 

make  reasonable  returns.    Open  fields  are  not  sufficient. 

Some  permanent  grasses  must  be  available. 

Suitable  houses  should  be  provided,  and  feeding  pens 
sufficient  to  give  plenty  of  room  without  crowding.  Plenty 
of  fresh,  clean  water  should  be  convenient  at  all  times. 

The  owner  should  mingle  daily  with  the  flock.  He 
must  know  his  sheep  and  let  his  sheep  know  him.  Small 
amounts  of  feed  should  be  given  them  daily  even  when 
they  do  not  need  it.  This  will  keep  them  in  better  condi- 
tion and  health  and  in  good  training. 

Do  not  forget  to  salt  the  sheep  often.  It  will  insure 
better  health  and  greater  returns  at  the  market.  Some 
feeders  mix  salt  in  with  the  feeds  and  find  that  it  pays. 
Salt  is  not  costly,  but  many  feeders  overlook  its  im- 
portance. 

Too  much  attention  cannot  be  given  to  the  flock  at 
lambing  time.  A  slight  change  in  methods  of  feeding  and 
housing  may  spell  the  difference  between  success  and 
failure.  The  ewes  should  be  dealt  with  gently  and  the 
lambs  cared  for  from  the  time  they  are  dropped. 

Dogs  should  be  kept  away  from  the  flock  at  this  time. 
Ewes  frequently  give  birth  to  dead  lambs  because  of  fright 
from  dogs. 

All  ewes  do  not  pay,  and  some  of 
Culling  the  them  must  go  to  the  block.    Some  of 

Flock  them  will  prove  non-breeding,  others 

poor  milkers,  and  still  others  light 
shearers,  and  any  one  of  these  defects  will  prove  sufficient 
for  condemnation.  This  weeding  out  process  or  culling 
is  very  necessary  in  order  to  build  up  a  paying  flock. 

Page  Forty-One 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

It  is  also  well  to  sell  ewes  before  they  are  too  old  for  the 
butcher.  For  mutton  sheep  this  is  usually  about  the  fifth 
year  of  their  age.  After  that  they  are  not  very  profitable 
as  breeders  nor  well  suited  for  the  block. 

Sheep  are  kept  for  wool,  even  the 
Shearing  mutton  breeds,  and  must  be  sheared 

once  a  year  just  at  the  opening  of 
summer.  The  old  hand  shearing  is  a  thing  of  the  past, 
except  in  certain  places  in  the  West  and  in  the  case  of 
the  small  farmer  who  keeps  only  eight  or  ten  head  and 
does  not  have  access  to  a  mechanical  shearer. 

F.  R.  Marshall  says:  "The  tags  or  dung  locks  should 
be  removed  from  the  fleece,  and  then  it  should  be  rolled 
up,  not  too  tightly,  skin  side  out,  and  tied  with  paper 
twine.  Wool  buyers  prefer  this  method  of  tying  to  that 
done  with  wool  boxes." 

Dockina  Docking  is  the  removing  of  the  tails  of 

of  Lambs  lambs  and  is  an  operation  that  every 

good  sheep  breeder  attends  to  promptly 
and  without  fail.  It  is  essential  for  lambs  that  are  to  be 
marketed.  The  tail  is  only  a  lodging  place  for  burs, 
maggots  and  dirt  and  is  sure  to  become  a  dead-weight 
and  a  drag  upon  the  vitality  of  the  growing  animal. 
In  fact,  undocked  lambs  are  discriminated  against  in 
the  market. 

The  operation  is  performed  by  means  of  a  knife,  chisel 
or  hot  iron,  and  should  be  attended  to  about  a  week 
before  the  work  of  castration.  Cut  the  tail  off  about 
one  inch  from  the  body.  Marshall  says  in  Farmers,  Bul- 
letin No.  840: 

"The  lamb  should  be  held  with  the  rump  resting  on 
the  top  of  a  panel  or  pen  partition,  or  upon  a  board  if  the 
hot  irons  are  used.  When  docking  with  the  hot  iron  the 
operator  should  work  with  the  right  hand,  holding  the  tail 
in  his  left  and  pushing  it  toward  the  body.  This  will 
leave  loose  skin  above  the  cut  to  close  over  the  wound. 
Pine  tar  may  be  applied  if  flies  are  bad." 

Page  Forty-Two 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

Castration  Castration  is  an  operation  in  lamb 

of  Lambs  production  that  is  neglected  only  by 

the  most  careless  or  indifferent  sheep 
raiser.  Many  uncastrated  lambs  still  find  their  way 
to  market,  but  principally  from  the  small  farms  where 
up-to-date  methods  are  not  followed — never  from  the  large 
farms  or  ranches  where  sheep  raising  is  recognized  as  a 
business.  These  are  discriminated  against  rather  severely 
at  times  by  buyers,  whereas  if  castrated,  they  would  have 
stood  a  fair  chance  of  topping  the  market. 

Castrating  should  be  done  on  a  nice  day,  when  lambs 
are  from  seven  to  fifteen  days  old.  The  lower  third  of 
the  scrotum  should  be  cut  off  and  the  testicles  pulled 
straight  out.  I  f  both  testicles  cannot  be  felt  the  operation 
should  be  delayed.  There  should  be  no  further  difficulty 
except  in  unusual  cases.  A  mixture  of  tallow  and  turpen- 
tine may  be  applied  to  stay  off  soreness  that  might 
otherwise  develop.  The  proportions  of  tallow  and 
turpentine  should  be  such  as  to  leave  the  mixture  a 
soft  paste  or  heavy  liquid.  Only  a  small  quantity  should 
be  applied  and  that  immediately  to  the  wound. 

Th    n  It  is  estimated  that  there  are  about 

1  ne  L/og  twenty-five  million  dogs  in  the  United 

a  Great  States  or  one  to  every  four  persons, 

Hindrance  and  one  for  every  two  sheep.     If  dogs 

are  properly  guarded  and  kept  closed 
in,  they  do  not  prove  a  menace  to  the  sheep  industry,  but 
they  are  not  kept  confined  as  a  general  thing.  Many  a 
farmer  who  has  waste  land,  and  who  formerly  kept  sheep 
to  crop  it  has  actually  abandoned  sheep  raising  because  he 
felt  that  he  would  rather  sacrifice  this  source  of  profit  than 
try  to  cope  with  the  dog  nuisance. 

Many  keepers  of  sheep  have  found  a  real  field  of  use- 
fulness for  the  trained  Collie.  We  do  not  go  so  far  as  to 
say  that  such  a  dog  has  no  place  in  our  economic  scheme, 
even  in  times  like  these,  when  non-essentials  in  every  form 

Page  Forty-Three 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

are  being  sacrificed  to  the  great  objective  and  in  support 
of  the  war.  What  we  do  urge  is  the  passing  of  constructive 
legislation  that  will  protect  the  few  useful  dogs  as  well  as 
outlaw  the  great  majority  which  do  not  and  cannot  serve 
any  economic  purpose,  and  which  are  a  constant  liability  to 
the  sheep-raising  possibilities  of  the  country. 

It  would  be  an  easy  matter  to  con- 
Why  Not  Have  trol  this  nuisance  if  public  sentiment 
Dog  Laws  were  in  favor  of  a  national  dog  law, 

whereby  the  owners  of  dogs  would  be 
required  to  pay  for  all  damages  done  to  livestock,  but 
farmers  have  not  yet  asserted  themselves  in  a  co-operative 
way  and  in  sufficient  number  to  make  their  voices  heard 
on  this  subject  in  the  national  capital. 

"Only  one  in  seven  farms  of  over  twenty  acres  now 
supports  sheep,"  says  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  in  his 
annual  report  for  1916,  "with  an  average  of  one  sheep  of 
shearing  age  to  three  acres  of  land." 

In  proportion  as  the  small  farms  in  any  community 
are  stocked  with  sheep,  the  obvious  necessity  for  state 
dog  laws  will  manifest  itself,  and  there  is  no  reason  to 
believe  that  sentiment  in  favor  of  pet  dogs  will  outweigh 
the  practical  requirement  for  more  sheep  and  wool  in  a 
time  like  this.  New  York  State  has  passed  such  a  law 
and  we  are  informed  it  works  well  in  most  cases.  Com- 
plaints have  been  adjusted  in  the  majority  of  instances 
without  legal  procedure.  It  would  be  well  for  those 
interested  to  write  to  the  State  Department  of  Agriculture, 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  and  secure  a  copy  of  the  law. 

In  Farmer's  Bulletin  935,   United 
A  Uniform  States    Department    of    Agriculture, 

Dog  Law  entitled  "The  Sheep  Killing  Dog,"  we 

find  valuable  suggestions  for  a  uni- 
form dog  law,  which  should  command  the  attention  of  our 
legislators  in  the  various  states.  A  reasonable  tax  is 
suggested,  and  certain  definite  legal  rights  to  deal  with 

Page  Forty-Four 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

dogs  known  to  kill  sheep.  It  requires  that  all  dogs  be 
confined  at  night.  This  is  a  wise  provision  since  it  is  so 
well  known  that  dogs  do  most  of  their  mischief  at  night. 

A  world  of  sentiment  is  bound  up 
Sheep  with  the  history  of  the  sheep  industry. 

Husbandry  A  flock  grazing  on  a  hillside  is  a  poem 

within  itself,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  we 
will  never  lose  the  faculty  of  enjoying  this  beautiful  sight. 
That  modern  commerce  has  helped  to  eliminate  much  of 
this  original  sentiment  from  the  happy  associations  of  the 
shepherd  and  his  flock  we  must  admit,  but  there  is  no 
doubt  that  the  shepherd  has  more  enjoyment  from  watch- 
ing the  flock  than  any  of  us  can  ever  have  from  the  busy 
life  as  found  in  our  centers  of  commerce. 


Page  Forty-Five 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

Diseases  of  Sheep 

All  animals  are  subject  to  certain  diseases  and  this  fact 
must  be  recognized  by  the  owners  of  sheep.  To  deal  with 
disease  successfully  one  must  keep  advised  of  the  latest 
remedies,  and  should,  from  time  to  time,  write  to  his 
Experiment  Station  for  such  information. 

Wing  in  Sheep  Farming  in  America — page  3 1 1  classifies 
diseases  among  sheep  as  follows : 

"First,  there  may  be  some  external 
Sheep  Diseases  parasite,  as  the  tick,  louse,  scab  or  foot- 
Classified  rot  (which  is  in  a  sense  an  external 

disease) . 

"Second,  there  may  be  some  form  of  internal  para- 
sitism. This  may  be  worms  in  the  stomach  or  intestines, 
in  the  throat  or  lungs,  or  encysted  worms  making  a  bladder 
in  the  brain.  And  one  or  another  of  these  internal  para- 
sites is  the  cause  of  most  of  the  sickness  among  sheep. 

"Last,  there  may  be  some  derangement  of  the  digestion 
due  to  improper  feeding,  no  feeding  at  all,  or  gorging 
with  grain.  And  in  some  regions,  among  the  class  of 
sheepmen  who  feed  sheep  in  winter,  nearly  all  diseases  are 
of  this  origin. 

External  "Now  as  to  the  chance  of  cure:  For 

Diseases  external   parasites   cure   is   easy   and 

cheap.  For  scab,  lice,  and  ticks  there 
is  the  dipping  bath.  Foot-rot  is  also  of  rather  easy 
treatment. 

"These  things  are  matters  requiring  timely  and  prompt 
treatment  and  are  no  cause  for  alarm  whatever  except 
as  scab  breaks  out  in  the  winter  time  in  the  middle  of  the 
feeding  season,  when  it  is  costly  to  dip  and  the  sheep  have 
serious  setback  therefrom.  Indeed,  it  is  not  just  proper 
to  class  these  external  parasites  as  diseases,  any  more 
than  fleas  on  a  dog's  back,  though  they  produce  disease  if 
left  unchecked. 

"The  matter  of  internal  parasites  is  much  more  serious/' 

Page  forty-Six 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

Stomach  The    two   most   common    internal 

Worms  troubles  we  have  to  deal  with  in  sheep 

are  the  stomach  worm  and  the  nodular 
disease.  These  are  hard  to  cure,  but  rather  easy  to 
prevent  if  one  goes  about  it  in  the  right  way.  The 
stomach  worm  is  dropped  on  the  pasture  in  the  feces, 
and  in  that  way  scattered  through  the  entire  flock.  If 
it  once  infects  a  pasture,  the  pasture  should  be  rotated 
about  every  year  or  two,  and  necessary  remedies  applied 
to  clear  the  flock  of  the  disease. 

If  the  skin  about  the  eyes  and  mouth  is  thin  and  pale 
and  paper-like,  the  lambs  very  likely  are  infested  with 
this  worm.  The  treatment  is  a  tablespoonful  each  of 
gasoline  and  raw  linseed  oil  in  about  six  ounces  of  cow's 
milk  for  a  lamb,  and  half  as  much  again  for  a  sheep. 
Three  doses  must  be  given  to  effect  a  cure — one  a  day 
for  three  days  on  an  empty  stomach.  See  Kleinheinz' 
"Sheep  Management,"  page  in.  The  rotation  of 
pastures  is  imperative. 

Nodular  The  nodular  disease  is  indicated  by 

Disease  a  cough>  a  drooping  head,  and  thriftless 

orgreaseless  wool.  Lambs  become  thin 
and  shiftless,  and  the  ewes  lose  weight  and  fail  to  respond 
to  feeds.  Medicines  are  not  effective  and  cleanliness  and 
rotation  are  necessary  together  with  a  thinning  of  the  flock 
till  all  the  disease  is  gone. 

Treating  Constipation  is  indicated  by  strain- 

Internal  m&  an<^  distress  in  the  attempt  to  pass 

Diseases  feces>  or  dung-     InJections  of  luke~ 

warm,  soapy  water  should  be  given,  and 

it  will  help  if  a  tablespoonful  of  castor  oil  or  milk  of  mag- 
nesia (hydroxid  of  magnesia)  is  given. 

White  scours  in  lambs  are  caused  by  digestive  disorder 
which  usually  result  from  mistakes  in  feeding  the  ewe, 
and  hence  are  to  be  avoided  largely  by  giving  the  ewe 
clean,  wholesome  feed  and  not  changing  the  ration  ab- 

Page  Forty-Seven 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

ruptly.  A  lamb  having  white  scours  should  be  taken 
from  the  ewe  and  allowed  only  a  little  of  the  milk.  This 
can  best  be  accomplished  by  milking  the  ewe  out  before 
letting  the  lamb  nurse.  Milk  of  magnesia  given  as  sug- 
gested for  constipation  will  help  to  correct  the  disorder. 

Acute  Indigestion  sometimes  seizes  young  lambs.  It 
is  marked  by  great  distress  and  frothing  at  the  mouth. 
Castor  oil  (a  tablespoonful)  is  a  good  remedy. 

For  Sore  Eyes  put  a  drop  or  two  of  a  i6-per  cent  solu- 
tion of  argyrol  in  the  eyes  once  each  day.  This  should 
be  done  with  an  ordinary  medicine  dropper. 

Navel  III  should  be  avoided  by  dipping  the  navel  cord 
in  a  cup  of  the  tincture  of  iodine  soon  after  the  lamb  is  born. 

For  Scabs  or  Poc-like  Sores  on  the  lips  and  nose,  apply 
a  fairly  strong  solution  of  sheep  dip  after  the  sores  have 
been  rubbed  open. 

Sheep,  like  other  domestic  animals, 
Dipping  become  infested  with  vermin — lice, 

ticks  and  other  skin  parasites — and 
must  be  constantly  looked  after. 

They  should  be  dipped  very  soon  after  they  have  been 
sheared.  Marshall  says  they  should  be  dipped  on  the 
morning  of  a  fair  warm  day.  Sheep  are  delicate  animals 
and  will  develop  cold  if  they  lie  down  at  night  wet  and 
cool.  Any  standard  dipping  solution  can  be  used  as  per 
directions  given  with  the  material. 

If  the  sheep  have  ticks  they  may  require  two  dippings. 
The  second  should  come  about  a  month  after  the  first. 

If  sheep  are  allowed  to  graze  too 

Avoid  Bloating     freely  on  alfalfa,  they  are  apt  to  bloat, 

which  often  proves  fatal.     They  thrive 

on  pastures  of  native  grass  with  heavy  sprinkling  of  weeds 

or  lespedeza  and  burr  clover  in  more  southern  climates. 

Page  Forty-Eight 


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II 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

By-Products  of  the  Sheep 

THE  inedible  by-products  of  the  sheep,  as  completely 
utilized  by  Armour  and  Company,  are  more  valua- 
ble than  those  of  either  the  steer  or  hog,  considering 
their  proportion  to  the  carcass. 

Sheep  pelts,  of  course,  come  first  in  value.  This  in- 
cludes the  wool,  which  is  valued  not  only  for  its  fineness, 
but  also  for  its  length. 

Sheep  skin  is  more  generally  used  than  any  other  one 
class  of  leather.  It  is  used  in  shoes  almost  as  much  as 
calf.  Chamois  skins  are  today  entirely  made  of  sheep 
skin.  The  leather  is  used  for  bookbinding  exclusively, 
for  gloves,  hatbands,  suit  cases,  and  a  wide  range  of 
other  articles. 

In  the  Armour  wool  houses  the  full  -length  of  the  wool  is 
saved  by  taking  it  out,  roots  and  all,  by  means  of  chemicals 
instead  of  by  shearing. 

This  wool  is  hand  sorted  according  to  length,  fineness 
and  color  into  more  than  fifty  grades.  It  is  then  scoured 
to  remove  dirt  and  grease,  after  which  it  is  dried,  baled 
and  sold  as  "scoured  pulled  wool"  direct  to  manufacturers. 

In  the  process  of  scouring  lanolin  is  obtained.  This  is  a 
fatty  substance  largely  used  in  face  creams  and  ointments 
because  of  its  soothing  effect  on  the  skin. 

Musical  strings,  clock  cord  and  surgical  ligature  for 
sewing  up  wounds,  as  well  as  casings  for  little  sausages,  are 
made  exclusively  from  the  intestines  of  the  sheep.  There 
is  no  such  thing  as  catgut  violin  string,  that  being  merely 
an  arbitrary  name  for  the  product  of  the  sheep. 

Suprarenal  in,  the  active  principle  of  the  suprarenal 
gland,  just  above  the  kidney,  is  extensively  used  in  medi- 
cine. More  than  130,000  sheep  are  required  to  make  a 
pound. 

Page  Forty-Nine 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

Pancreatin,  another  medicine,  is  made  from  the  pan- 
creatic gland,  and  still  another  from  the  mammary  glands. 

The  thyroid  gland  (seat  of  goitre  in  humans)  yields  an 
important  medicinal  product. 

A  class  of  oleo  oil  is  made  from  the  better  grade  of 
mutton  tallow,  and  enters  into  the  manufacture  of  oleo- 
margarine. 

Inedible  greases  are  used  in  soaps.  An  important  by- 
product of  soap-making  is  glycerin,  which  is  in  great 
demand  for  the  manufacture  of  nitro-glycerin  and  other 
explosives  and  war  munitions.  The  blood,  dried  and 
ground,  makes  calf  feed  and  fertilizer.  Hide  trim- 
mings make  glue.  Bones  and  other  waste  make  tankage 
and  fertilizer. 

The  complete  utilization  of  all  by-products  of  the  sheep 
and  other  meat  animals  has  been  found  practicable  only 
in  the  largest  packing  plants,  and  is  one  of  the  triumphs  of 
large-scale  operation.  It  is  made  possible  by  two  con- 
siderations— the  comparatively  recent  development  of 
large-scale  refrigerative  control  of  highly  perishable  by- 
products and  the  enormous  volume  of  those  by-products 
handled. 

This  wholesale  utilization  of  by-products  brings  about 
a  number  of  important  economic  results  of  benefit  to  the 
whole  country,  among  which  may  be  mentioned: 

1 .  The  increased  price  which  the  packer  is  able  to  pay 
the  farmer  for  his  sheep  and  other  live  stock; 

2.  The  more  uniform  and  perfect  meat  which  the  large 
packer  is  able  to  sell  the  local  butcher  at  a  lower  cost  than 
that  at  which  he  could  buy  and  kill  it  locally  for  himself; 
and 

3.  The  employment  of  thousands  of  persons  in  the 
manufacture  of  these  by-products,  many  of  which  would 
otherwise  be  discarded  as  of  no  value  by  the  farmer 
himself  or  local  butchers,  who  are  even  yet  throwing  them 
away  as  of  no  commercial  value. 

Page  Fifty 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 


Table  of  Receipts  at  Seven  Markets 

In  Round  Numbers  at  Chicago,  Kansas  City,  Omaha, 
St.  Louis,  St.  Joseph,  Sioux  City  and  St.  Paul  for  1917 
and  iqi6. 


MONTHS 

1917 

1916 

GAIN 

Loss 

January          .    . 

965  9OO 

922,200 

43  700 

February      

834  8OO 

877,500 

42,700 

March  

8OI,3OO 

755,900 

45,400 

April       

675,500 

652,500 

23,000 

N/Iay 

477  800 

601  100 

21  5  TOO 

June 

516,100 

722  400 

2O6,IOO 

July 

572,600 

706,100 

I33,5OO 

JUHJ..     .     . 

August     

726,000 

1,109,600 

384,600 

September  
October  
November 

1,259,000 
1  ,449,600 

853  100 

1,500,900 
1,723,200 

1  ,059  600 



241,900 
273,^00 

196  TOO 

December      

879,000 

919,800 

40,800 

Totals  

10,011,100 

11,642,800 

1,631,700 

Table  Showing  Range  of  Lamb  Prices 

At  Chicago  During  1917  for  Native,  Western  and 
Colorado  Lambs,  as  Compiled  by  the  Chicago  Drovers 
Journal. 


MONTHS 

NATIVE 

WESTERN 

COLORADO 

January  
February  — 
March 

$10.50  to  $14.25 
1  1  .  oo  to    1  5  .  oo 
0.75  to    15  .00 

$  9.50  to  $14.  45 
10.00  to    14.90 
9  .  2  5  to    15.  70 

$13.00  to  $14.35 
1  3.  50  to  14.90 
1  1  50  to  1  5  50 

April  
May  
June  
July 

10.  oo  to    16.25 
10.00  to  *i9.oo 
9  .  oo  to    1  7  .  oo 
9  .  oo  to    16.50 

9.  oo  to    17.25 
lo.oo  to  *i9.oo 
10.00  to    16.75 
13  .00  to    15.85 

10.25  to  17.40 
12.50  to  *20.6o 
n.ooto  18.50 

August  

9.00  to    17.  10 

14.00  to    17.75 

September.  . 

1  1  .  oo  to    18.35 

16.75  to    1  8.  60 

- 

October  

1  2  .  OO  tO      1  8  .  60 

13  .50  to    1  8.  55 

November    . 

1  2  .  OO  tO      17.  40 

1  3  .  oo  to    1  8  oo 

December..  . 

1  2  .  OO  tO      I  7  .  OO 

1  1  .00  to    17.  10 

I  f      TC 

*Record  Prices. 


Page  Fifty-One 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 

List  of  Officers  of  the  Various  Sheep 
Breeders?  Associations 

MERINO — Fine  wool  breeds  of  related  ancestry,  but  different 
development.  American  Merino,  Delaine,  Rambouillet  are  best 
known  breeds  or  strains.  All  Merinos  produce  short  wool  of  fine 
quality,  and  all  are  "wrinkled"  where  the  loose  skin  is  bent  into 
folds.  American  and  Delaine-Merino  Association,  S.  M.  Cleaver, 
Secretary,  Delaware,  Ohio;  American  Rambouillet  Sheep  Breeders' 
Association,  Dwight  Lincoln,  Secretary,  Marysville,  Ohio. 

SOUTHDOWN— Small  sheep  of  mutton  type.  Mouse  brown 
and  gray  markings,  good  feeders,  middle  wool  class,  popular. 
American  Southdown  Breeders'  Association,  F.  S.  Springer,  Secre- 
tary, Springfield,  111. 

SHROPSHIRE— Mutton  type,  middle  wool  class,  black  nose 
and  legs,  larger  than  Southdown.  Prolific,  good  feeders,  good  top- 
pers. American  Shropshire  Association,  J.  M.  Wade,  Secretary, 
Lafayette,  Ind. 

OXFORD  DOWN— Much  like  Shropshire  in  appearance  and 
general  utility;  larger.  Brownish  gray  markings.  Oxford  Down 
Record  Association,  W.  A.  Shafer,  Secretary,  Hamilton,  Ohio. 

HAMPSHIRE  DOWN— Mutton  type,  middle  wool  class.  Black 
face  and  legs.  Smaller  than  Oxford,  larger  than  Shropshire, 
The  American  Hampshire  Sheep  Association,  C.  A.  Tyler,  Scretary, 
36  Woodland  Avenue,  Detroit,  Mich. 

DORSET — Medium  size,  mutton  type,  horned,  prolific,  hardy. 
Good  for  early  lamb  production.  Continental  Dorset  Club,  Edith 
Chidester,  Secretary,  Mechanicsburg,  Ohio. 

CHEVIOT — Good  mutton  breed,  medium  size.  Distinctive 
appearance  with  snow-white  head  and  legs.  American  Cheviot 
Society,  Edward  A.  Standford,  Secretary,  Cooperstown,  N.  Y. 

LEICESTER — Large,  long-wool  breed.  Leicester  Breeders' 
Association,  A.  J.  Temple,  Secretary,  Cameron,  111. 

COTSWOLD — Large,  long-wool  breed,  curly  fleece.  American 
Cotswold  Association,  F.  W.  Harding,  Secretary,  Waukesha,  Wis. 

LINCOLN — Long-wool  breed.  Largest  of  all  English  breeds. 
National  Lincoln  Sheep  Breeders'  Association,  Bert  Smith,  Secre- 
tary, Charlotte,  Mich. 

Page  Fifty-Two 


PROGRESSIVE   SHEEP   RAISING 

ROMNEY  MARSH  or  KENT— Long-wool  breed,  but  not  so 
well  known  as  many  of  the  other  long-wool  breeds.  This  breed  is 
adapted  more  to  lowlands,  and  is  said  to  resist  especially  the  foot 
rot  so  rornmon  among  most  breeds  when  grazing  wet  lands  The 
wool  is  long  and  soft  and  the  yield  high.  It  ranks  well  as  a  mutton 
type.  Romney  Marsh  Association,  Mark  Havenhill,  Ames,  Iowa. 

CORRIEDALE— May  be  classed  as  a  long-wool  breed.  Was 
developed  in  New  Zealand  from  the  Lincoln-Merino  crosses,  and  is 
intermediate  between  these  two  types.  Smaller  than  the  Lincoln 
and  larger  than  the  Merino.  The  wool  is  long  and  silky.  Has 
great  promise  as  a  dual  purpose  sheep.  American  Corriedale 
Association,  M.  R.  Johnston,  Secretary,  Wheatland,  Wyoming. 


Page  Fifty-Three 


PROGRESSIVE      SHEEP      RAISING 


REFERENCES 

Publications  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture,  available  for  free  distribution  by 
the  Department: 

"Sheep  Scab,"  Farmers'  Bulletin  No.  713. 

"The  Sheep  Tick  and  Its  Eradication  by  Dipping," 

Farmers'  Bulletin  No.  798. 

"Equipment  for  Farm  Sheep  Raising,"  Farmers'  Bulletin  No.  810. 
"Farm  Sheep  Raising  for  Beginners,"  Farmers'  Bulletin  No.  840. 
"Breeds  of  Sheep  for  the  Farm,"  Farmers*  Bulletin  No.  576. 
"The  Sheep  Killing  Dog,"  Farmers'  Bulletin  No.  652. 

For  Sale  by  the  Superintendent  of  Documents, 
Government  Printing  Office,  Washington,  D.  C.: 

"The  Management  of  Sheep  on  the  Farm," 

Department  Bulletin  No.  20 — Price  10  cents. 
"Domestic  Breeds  of  Sheep  in  America," 

Department  Bulletin  No.  94 — Price  25  cents. 
"The  Wool  Grower  and  the  Wool  Trade," 

Department  Bulletin  No.  206 — Price  1 5  cents. 
"Features  of  the  Sheep  Industries  of  United  States  New  Zealand, 

and  Australia  Compared," 

Department  Bulletin  No.  313 — Price  10  cents. 
"Our  Present  Knowledge  of  the  Distribution  and  Importance  of 

Some  Parasitic  Diseases  of  Sheep  and  Cattle  in  the  United  States' 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  Circular  No.  193 — Price  5  cents. 

BOOKS  ON  SHEEP 
"Productive  Sheep  Husbandry"     Includes  a  full  account  of  the 

breeds.     W.  C.  Coffey  (Lippincott) 
"Western  Live  Stock  Management," 

E.  L.  Potter,  Oregon  (MacMillan  Sz  Company). 

1 20  pages  on  sheep — Good  on  range  conditions. 
"Judging  Live  Stock," 

John  D.  Craig  (Kenyon  Printing  &z  Mfg.  Co.,  Des  Moines,  la.) 

Twenty-five  pages  on  Sheep — very  good. 
"Principles  and  Practice  of  Judging  Live  Stock." 

Gay  (MacMillan  6z  Co.)     Thirty  pages  on  sheep. 

Page  Fifty- Four 


PROGRESSIVE      S  H'E  EP      RAISING 

"The  Winter  Lamb," 

Miller,  Miller  &  Wing  U.,EY'V/ing  Publishing  Co.,  Mechanics- 
burg,  Ohio).     Seventy 'pages.' 
"Sheep  Farming," 

John  A.  Craig  (MacMillan  &  Co.,  New  York).     302  pages. 
"Sheep  Farming  in  America," 

Joe  Wing  (Breeders,  Gazette,  Chicago,  111.) 
"Sheep  Management,  Breeds  and  Judging," 

326  pages,   101   Illustrations. 

Frank  Kleinheinz,  University  of  Wisconsin. 

BOOKS  ON  BREEDS 
"Sheep  Breeds  and  Management," 

John  Wrightson  (Vinton  &  Co.,  London.) 
"Types  and  Breeds  of  Farm  Animals," 

C.  S.  Plumb  (Ginn  &  Co.) 

122  pages  on  sheep. 
"Modern  Sheep  Breeds  and  Management,  'Shepherd  Boy'." 

(American  Sheep  Breeders,  Chicago). 

331  pages. 
"Breeding  Farm  Animals," 

F.  R.  Marshall  (Breeders,  Gazette). 

Eleven  pages  on  Sheep. 
"Types  and  Classes  of  Live  Stock," 

H.  W.  Vaughan,  Iowa  (R.  S.  Adams  &  Co.,  Columbus,  Ohio). 

Seventy-two  pages  on  Sheep— Very  fine. 
"The  Breeds  of  Live  Stock," 

C.  W.  Gay,  Perm.  (MacMillan  Co.) 

Sixty-five  pages  on  Sheep. 

BOOKS  ON  FEEDS 
"Productive  Feeding  of  Farm  Animals," 

F.  W.  Woll  (Lippincott). 
"Management  and  Feeding  of  Sheep," 

Thomas  Shaw  (Orange  Judd,  &  Company,  New  York). 

471  pages. 
"The  Feeding  of  Animals," 

W.  H.  Jordan  (MacMillan  Co.,  New  York). 
"Feeds  and  Feeding," 

Henry  &  Morrison  (The  Henry  Morrison  Co.,  Madison,  Wise.) 

Sixty  pages  on  Sheep. 
"First  Principles  of  Feeding  Farm  Animals," 

C.  W.  Burhett  (Orange  Judd  &  Company,  New  York). 

Eighteen  pages  on  Sheep. 
"Sheep  Feeding  and  Farm  Management," 

Doane  (Ginn  &  Company). 

Page  Fifty-Five 


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